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References

Sources & Medical Information

Every drug answer PharmD.AI gives is grounded in publicly available United States government drug references. This page lists them, so you can read the original for yourself.

Last reviewed: August 17, 2026

What our answers are based on

PharmD.AI does not author its own drug facts. Answers are assembled from the references below, all published by United States federal health agencies and free for anyone to read.

The official, FDA-approved labeling for every medication marketed in the United States: approved uses, dosing, contraindications, warnings, and adverse reactions. Published by the National Library of Medicine.

Plain-language medication and condition information written for patients rather than clinicians. Produced by the National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health.

The national standard for naming and identifying medications, used here to match what you type to a specific drug product and to look up documented interactions between ingredients.

Drug safety communications, recalls, and approval records.

How an answer is put together

When you ask a question, PharmD.AI identifies the medications involved, retrieves the relevant labeling and interaction data from the references above, and uses that material to compose a plain-language answer.

Because answers are generated with the help of artificial intelligence, they can be incomplete or can miss something specific to you. The references above are the authority; our summary is not. If the two ever disagree, trust the source and speak to a pharmacist.

Pharmacist review

Questions judged to be complex are routed to a licensed pharmacist rather than answered automatically. Clinical content is maintained by:

Yuxiang (Sam) Ou, PharmD, RPh

Licensed pharmacist · Illinois licence no. 051.301726

Verify this licence with the State of Illinois →

What PharmD.AI is not

Informational only — not medical care

PharmD.AI does not diagnose conditions, prescribe, or replace your doctor or your own pharmacist. Never start, stop, or change a medication based on what you read here. Talk to your prescriber first.

If you think you are having a medical emergency, call 911. For a suspected poisoning or overdose, call Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222.

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